Who judges the election returns and qualifications of the members of Congress?

The correct response emphasizes that each house of the U.S. Congress has the authority to judge the election returns and qualifications of its own members. This principle is enshrined in the U.S. Constitution, specifically in Article I, Section 5, which grants each chamber the power to determine the rules of its proceedings, including the qualifications of its members. This provision ensures that both the House of Representatives and the Senate maintain control over their membership, allowing them to assess whether elected representatives meet the established legal qualifications, which include criteria such as age, citizenship, and residency.

This understanding underlies the separation of powers within the legislative branch, affirming the autonomy of each house to regulate its internal affairs. The President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House both play vital roles within their respective chambers but do not possess the final authority to judge qualifications or returns; their roles are more about leadership and procedural guidance. Additionally, while the Supreme Court may interpret laws and adjudicate constitutional matters, it does not involve itself in the specific election qualifications of Congressional members, as this responsibility is distinctively legislative.